Impact of the Leadership Style of CEOs of Israeli Community Centers on the Performance of the Community- Center
Keywords:
CEO, leadership style, community centers, third sector, NGOs performanceAbstract
The community center is a typical third sector non-profit organization (NPO), which in recent years has had increasing responsibilities. The CEOs of these organizations have a pivotal role in shaping their performance. However, field research concerning the effects of different leadership styles and management skills on the center's performance is scarce. This study examined the relationships between different leadership styles and management skills and the community center's performance using a multilevel approach and different perspectives. Moreover, moderating and mediating variables were also examined to better understand if and how different leadership styles and management skills affect the center's outcomes. Two hundred forty-one individuals (directors, CEOs, employees, and customers), located in 55 centers, completed a set of questionnaires assessing the CEO's leadership styles and skills, and the center's performance. The multilevel analysis revealed effects of all leadership styles on the center's performance. An exception was transactional leadership which was not related to the center's performance. Leadership outcomes and the CEO's performance mediated most relationships. Further, seniority moderated transformational leadership – performance relationships, such that it was more robust for senior CEOs. The CEO's management skills, community skills, and education level also positively predicted the center's performance. The results imply that transformational leadership can be a protective mechanism against the burnout of the veteran CEO.
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van Dierendonck, D. & Nuijten, I. (2011). The servant leadership survey: Development and validation of a multidimensional measure. Journal of business and psychology, 26(3), 249–267.
Waldman, D. A. & Balthazard, P. A. (2015). Organizational Neuroscience (Vol. 7 ii). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Amit, R. & Kreindler, M. (2017). Management That Affects Performance Enhancement in the Third Sector: What Can be Learned from Successful Managers. . Sheatufim for Social Strategy. Available at http://wiki.sheatufim.org.il (in Hebrew).
Atkins, P. W. B. & Wood, R. E. (2002). Self- versus others’ ratings as predictors of assessment center ratings: Validation evidence for 360-degree feedback programs. Personnel Psychology, 55(4), 871-904.
Avolio, B. J. & Bass, B. M. (2004). Multifactor leadership questionnaire Manual and Sempler Set. (3rd ed.). Redwood City, CA: Mindgarden.
Avolio, B. J., Bass, B. M. & Jung, D. I. (1999). Re-examining the components of transformational and transactional leadership using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 72(4), 441–462.
Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. London: Collier Macmillan Publishers.
Bass, B. M. (1990). From transactional to transformational leadership: Learning to share the vision. Organizational. Dynamics., 18(3), 19–31.
Bass, B. M. (1999). Two decades of research and development in transformational leadership. European Journal of. Work and Orgaizational Psychology., 8(1), 9–32.
Bass, B. M., Avolio, B. J., Jung, D. I. & Berson, Y. (2003). Predicting unit performance by assessing transformational and transactional leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(2), 207–218.
Bass, B. M., Avolio, B. J., Jung, D. I. & Berson, Y. (2003). Predicting unit performance by assessing transformational and transactional leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(2), 207–218.
Bates, D., Mächler, M., Bolker, B. & Walker, S. (2014). Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. Cornel University, arXiv Prepr. arXiv1406.5823.
Bliese, P. (2013, February 15). Multilevel functions. R Package. version 2.4. http://www2.uaem.mx/r-mirror/web/packages/multilevel/multilevel.pdf
Boland, T. & Fowler, A. (2000). A systems perspective of performance management in public sector organisations.
Boland, T., & Fowler, A. (2000). A systems perspective of performance management in public sector organisations. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 13, 417-446.
Colistra, C., Bixler, R. & Schmalz, D. (2019). Exploring factors that contribute to relationship building in a community center. Journal of Leisure Research, 50(1), 1-17.
Defourny, J. (2013). Third sector. in Handbook on the economics of reciprocity and social enterprise. Edward Elgar Publishing.
do Adro, F. J. N. & Leitão, J. C. C. (2020). Leadership and organizational innovation in the third sector: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Innovation Studies, 4, 51–67.
Dvir, T., Eden, D., Avolio, B. J. & Shamir, B. (2002). Impact of transformational leadership on follower development and performance: A field experiment. Academy of. Management Journal., 45(4), 735–744.
Ehrnrooth, M., Barner‐Rasmussen, W., Koveshnikov, A. & Törnroos, M. (2021). A new look at the relationships between transformational leadership and employee attitudes—Does a high‐performance work system substitute and/or enhance these relationships? Human Resource Management, 60(3), 377–398.
Greenleaf, R. K. (1998). The power of servant-leadership: Essays. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
James, L. R., Demaree, R. G. & Wolf, G. (1984). Estimating within-group interrater reliability with and without response bias. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69(1), 85–98.
Jung, D. I. & Avolio, B. J. (1999). Effects of leadership style and followers’ cultural orientation on performance. Academy of Management Journal, 42(2), 208–218.
Katzenbach, J., Thomas, J. & Anderson, G. (2019). The Critical Few: Energize Your Company’s Culture by Choosing What Really Matters. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
Lorinkova, N. M. & Perry, S. J. (2019). The importance of group-focused transformational leadership and felt obligation for helping and group performance. Journal of Organizational. Behaviour., 40(3), 231–247.
Maslach, C., Jackson, S. E. & Leiter, M. P. (1997). Maslach burnout inventory. Scarecrow Education.
Mastrangelo, A., Eddy, E. R. & Lorenzet, S. J. (2004). The importance of personal and professional leadership.
Leadership. Leadership & Organization Development Journal; 25(5/6), 435-451.
Mills, S. & Kraftl, P. (2014). Informal education, childhood and youth. Springer.
Milstein, N. & Gordon, I. . (2020). Validating Measures of Electrodermal Activity and Heart Rate Variability Derived From the Empatica E4 Utilized in Research Settings That Involve Interactive Dyadic States. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 14..
Milstein, N. et al. (2021). Leadership and Team Processes: A Neuroscience Perspective. Academy of Management Proceedings. 13752. NZ: Academy of Management Briarcliff Manor.
Muthia, A. & Krishnan, V. R. (2015). Servant leadership and commitment: Role of transformational leadership. Inernational Journal of Leadership, 3(1), 9–20.
Nemanich, L. A. & Keller, R. T. (2007). Transformational leadership in an acquisition: A field study of employees. The Leadership Quarterly, 18, 49–68.
Palanisamy, V. & Sathish Kumar, R. (2021). Impact of servant leadership on burnout of the employees. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 9(1), 736–745.
Raudenbush, S. W. & Bryk, A. S. (2002). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods (Vol. 1). Sage.
Revelle, W. R. (2017). psych: Procedures for Personality and Psychological Research. Software.
Rosseel, Y. Iavaan. (2012). An R package for structural equation modeling. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(2), 1–36.
Rost, J. C. (1991). Leadership for the twenty-first century. Greenwood Publishing Group.
Rubin, R. S., Dierdorff, E. C., Bommer, W. H. & Baldwin, T. T. (2009). Do leaders reap what they sow? Leader and employee outcomes of leader organizational cynicism about change. The Leadership Quarterly., 20, 680–688.
Sendjaya, S. & Pekerti, A. . (2010). Servant leadership as antecedent of trust in organizations. Leadership & Organization Development Journal 31(7), 643-663.
Sendjaya, S., Eva, N., Butar, I. B., Robin, M. & Castles, S. (2019). SLBS-6: Validation of a short form of the servant leadership behavior scale. Journal of Business Ethics, 156(4), 941–956.
Team, R. C. (2013). A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria. http://www.R-project.org
Tevet, E., Shiffer, V. M. & Galnoor, I. (2020). Regulation in Israel: Values, effectiveness, methods. Springer Nature.
van Dierendonck, D. & Nuijten, I. (2011). The servant leadership survey: Development and validation of a multidimensional measure. Journal of business and psychology, 26(3), 249–267.
Waldman, D. A. & Balthazard, P. A. (2015). Organizational Neuroscience (Vol. 7 ii). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
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Published
2022-04-08
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Impact of the Leadership Style of CEOs of Israeli Community Centers on the Performance of the Community- Center. (2022). Timisoara Journal of Economics and Business, 14(1). https://www.tjeb.ro/index.php/tjeb/article/view/349
