The influence of leadership style on teachers' job motivation and satisfaction in the Druze sector of Israel
Keywords:
leadership styles, motivation, Junior High School, the Druze sectorAbstract
The present study examines the dominant leadership style of Junior-High school principals in the Druze sector in northern Israel and its influence on teachers' job motivation and satisfaction. A quantitative research based on questionnaires for the teachers was conducted in nine schools. For this purpose, the shortened form of “The Multi-Factor Leadership Questionnaire", the "Teacher Motivation Questionnaire", and five questions which check teachers’ job satisfaction were chosen. 224 teachers filled in the questionnaires. Research findings show that the teachers who filled the questionnaires are motivated and satisfied, the transformational leadership style is the most dominant leadership style in the schools; there is a significant positive correlation between transformational leadership style and teacher's job motivation and job satisfaction. Teachers who are part of the management staff are significantly more satisfied with their jobs than teachers who are not. There is a significant difference between the age groups and females on laisser-faire leadership style. Teachers who have been teaching more than 51 years, and are males perceive their principals more laisser-faire than teachers who have been teaching between 31-40 years and are females. The results of this research can be beneficial for the schools. They provide a clear picture to the principals and the teachers. It may strengthen and urge them to set higher goals and visions.
References
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Ahmad, S. & Rizwani, M. (2012). Job motivation of Male and Female Secondary School Teachers in Karachi. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 4 (6), 462-467.
Al Asad, S. (2017). The Influence of the Leadership Style of the School Principals in the Negev Region on the Motivation and Professional Development of the Teachers. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). West University of Timisoara. Lab Lambert academic Publishing.
Al Asad, S., Dănăiaţă, D., & Năstase, M. (2017). The Influence of Leadership in Teachers' Practice in Bedouin High Schools. Review of International Comparative Management. Volume 18, Issue 4, pp. 362-376.
Alam HE, Khaliafh TBK, Sirj S, Ghani F (2009). The role of agriculture education and training on agriculture economics and national development of Bangladesh. Afr. J. Agric. Res., 4(12): 1334-1350
Anyim, F. C., Chidi, C. O. & Badejo, E. A. (2012). Motivation and Employee’s Performance in the Public and Private Sectors in Nigeria. International Journal of Business Administration, 3(1), 31-40. doi:10.5430/ijba.v3n1p31
Asif, I., Fakhra, A., Tahir, F., & Shabbir, A. (2016). Relationshipbetween teachers’ job satisfaction and students’ academic performance. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 64, 341-350
Avolio, B.J., & Bass, B.M. (1991). The Full Range Leadership Development Programs: Basic and Advanced Manuals. Binghamton, NY: Bass, Avolio and Associates.
Bandura, A. (1994). Self-efficacy. In V. S. Ramachaudran (Ed.), Encyclopedia of human behavior (Vol. 4, pp. 71-81). New York: Academic Press. (Reprinted in H. Friedman [Ed.], Encyclopedia of mental health. San Diego: Academic Press, 1998). [Online] Available from: https://www.uky.edu/~eushe2/Bandura/BanEncy.html. [Accessed 17/08/18]
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Barnett, H., Craven, R. & Marsh, A. (2005). What type of school leadership satisfies teachers? A mixed method approach to teachers' perceptions of satisfaction, Australian Association for Research in Education.
Bass, B.M. (1985). Leadership and Performance beyond Expectations. New York: The Free Press.
Bass, B.M. (1998). Transformational Leadership: Industrial, Military and Educational Impact. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Pub.
Bogler, R. (2001). The Influence of Leadership Style on Teacher Job Satisfaction. Educational Administration Quarterly, vol. 37, no. 5, pp. 662-683.
Bredeson, P. V. (1989, March). Redefining leadership and the roles of school principals: Responses to changes in the professional work life of teachers. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco, CA.
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Court D., & Abbas R. (2015). Future Orientation in a Traditional Society: Higher Education and the Israeli Druze. The International Journal of Religion and Spirituality in Society. Volume 5, Issue 3, ISSN 2154-8633 © Common Ground. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307765126_Future_Orientation_in_a_Traditional_Society [Accessed 4/1/19]
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Dornyei, Z., & Ushioda, E. (2011). Teaching and researching motivation (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Longman
Dyck, B. & Neubert, M. J. (2007). Principles of Management. INTERNATIONAL STUDENT EDITION. Library of Congress Control. Printed in China.
Falah S. (2000). The Druze in the Middle East. Keter Publishing House. Jeruzalim. (Hebrew source).
Falah, J., F. (2018). Does Multicultural Education Affect the Druze Heritage Curriculum? Open Journal of Social Sciences. Vol.06 No.01Article ID:82119,15 pages. Available from: 10.4236/jss.2018.61019 [Accessed 11/05/18]
Finnigan, K. S. (2012). Principal leadership in low-performing schools: A closer look through the eyes of teachers. Education and Urban Society, 44(2), 183-202. doi:10.1177/0013124511431570. For Convention.
Gaertner, S. (1999). Structural Determinants of Job Satisfactionand Organizational Commitment in Turnover Models. Human Resource Management Review, 9 (4), 479–93.
George, J.M., & Jones, G.R. (2008). Understanding and Managing Organizational Behavior (Fifth Edition). Upper Saddle River: New Jersey, Pearson Prentice Hall.
Griffith, J. (2004). Relation of Principal Transformational Leadership to School Staff Job Satisfaction, Staff Turnover and School Performance. Journal of Educational Administration, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 333-356
Gülsen, C., & Gülenay, G. (2014). The principal and healthy school climate. Social Behavior and Personality: An international journal, 42, S93-S100
Hallinger, P. (2003). Leading Educational Change: Reflections on the Practice of Instructional and Transformational leadership. Cambridge Journal of Education, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 329-351.
Hijazi, S.T., Anwar, A., & Mehboob, S.A. (2007). Impact of Non-Financial Rewards on Employee Motivation. The Business Review, 7(2), 272-277.
Hirsch, E., Emerick, S., Church, K., & Fuller, E. (2006b). Teaching and learning conditions are critical to the success of students and the retention of teachers: Final report on the 2006 teaching and learning conditions survey to the Clark County School District and Clark County Education Association. Retrieved from Center for Teaching Quality, website: http://www.teachingquality.org.
Hirsch, T. & Cicurel, E., (2010). Identity and belonging as coping resources for Druze adolescents during the Second Lebanon War. Mifgash: Journal of Social-Educational Work.pp 61-85. Hebrew source.
Janssen, O. (2004). The barrier effect of conflict with superiors in the relationship between employee empowerment and organizational commitment. Work and Stress, 18(1), 56-65
Klecker, B. J., & Loadman, W. E. (1998a). Defining and measuring the dimensions of teacher empowerment in restructuring public schools. Education, 118(3), 358-405.
Kirakosyan, Kristine & Dănăiaţă, Doina (2013). Communication management in electronic banking. Better communication for better relationship. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 124 (2014) 361 – 370. Published by Elsevier Ltd. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.02.497. Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
Kuhnert, K.W. (1994). Transforming Leadership. Developing People through Delegation. In B.M. Bassand B.J. Avolio (Eds.). Improving Organizational Effectiveness through Transformational Leadership. (pp.10-25). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Leech, D., & Fulton, C.R. (2008). Faculty perceptions of shared decision making and the principal's leadership behaviors in secondary schools in a large urban district. Education, 128(4), 630-644 from http://www.redorbit.com/news/education/1459747.html [Accessed 14/05/18]
Leithwood K (1994). Leadership for school restructuring. Educational Administration Quarterly, 30:498-518
Leithwood K, J antzi D & S teinbach R 1999. Changing Leadership for Changing Times. Buckingham: Open University Press.
Lonas, H. (2013). The connection between the Student achievement and the Learning motivation of teenager students. Master paper in the human science college. Thesis (MA). An Arabic source.
Louis, K.S., Leithwood, K., Anderson, S., & Wahlstrom, K. (2010). Investigating the Links to Improved Student Learning. New York, NY: The Wallace Foundation.
Matah, (2015). The Druze Traditions Book. Educational book for high school. The Ministry of Education; Department of Planning and Development of Educational Curricula and Inspection in Heritage Education.
Matana. 2019. The ministry of Education. http://matana.education.gov.il
Merriam-Webster (1997). Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary, Houghton-Mifflin.
Miller TW & Miller JM 2001. Educational leadership in the new millennium: a vision for 2020. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 4:181-189
Mitsav, (2017). Main findings. The Israeli Ministry of Education. The Israeli Ministry of Education. National authority for measurement and evaluation in education: Ram"a. A Hebrew source.
Mosawi Y. & Mohamed E. (2016) the impact of job Satisfaction on human resources performance. A case study of the public hospital institution. University of Abu Bakr Belqayd Tlemcen. Faculty of business and economic Sciences. An Arabic source.
National Authority for Measurement and evaluation in education. The Ministry of Education. Israel. (n.d.). Evaluation of the Ofek Chadash (New Horizon) reform in schools. Research and evaluation of projects. RAMA. [Online] Available from:http://cms.education.gov.il/EducationCMS/Units/Rama/HaarachatProjectim/Ofek_Hadash.htm [Accessed 23/05/18]
Natoor S. (2005). A Druze Encyclopedia for Children, the Druze traditions and Virtues. The 12th section. Asia Publishing.
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Nguni, S., Sleegers, P. & Denessen E. (2006) Transformational and transactional leadership effects on teachers' job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and organizational citizenship behavior in primary schools: The Tanzanian case, School Effectiveness and School Improvement, Vol. 17, No. 2 pp.145-177, DOI: 10.1080/09243450600565746
Nissan, M. (2010). The Druze in Israel: Questions of Identity, Citizenship and Patriotism. The Middle East Journal 64(4): 575-596.
Northhouse, P.G. (2004). Leadership: Theory and Practice. USA: Sage.
RAMA n.d. National Authority for Measurement and Evaluation in Education. Evaluation of the New Horizon Reform in Elementary and Junior High Education at the End of Three Years of Implementation Summary of Findings. http://cms.education.gov.il/NR/rdonlyres/329F6A02-F7FE-4C8B-AB0B-3C108EF0182E/163978/OfekChadashsummary_eng1.pdf [Accessed 6.2.2019]
Rigopoulou, I., Theodosiou M., Katsikea E., & Perdikis, N. (2011). Information control, role perceptions, and work outcomes of boundary spanning frontline leaders. Journal of Business Research, 65, 626-633.
Sassi A., Kadesh Y., & Vidislavski M. (2013). Many faces to Pedagogical Flexibility. State of Israel. Ministry of Education. Pedagogical Administration (Hebrew version).
Schwartz, S. H. (2012). An Overview of the Schwartz Theory of Basic Values. Online reading in psychology and culture. International association for Cross-Cultural Psychology.
Short, P. M., & Johnson, P. E. (1994). Exploring the links among teacher empowerment, leader power, and conflict. Education, 114, 581-593. (Report No. SPO35330). (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED372044).
Tayseer. Abu-. H. (1995). The Druze people, Behavior and beliefs. Middle East Printing Company. (Arabic source).
The 20th Knesset, (2018). Knesset Announcements. Final approval: Amendments to the Special Education Law. https://m.knesset.gov.il/news/pressreleases/pages/press10.07.18.aspx [Accessed 2.2.2019]
Toll, C. A. (2010). 6 steps to learning leadership. Journal of Staff Development, 31(3), 50-52,
Visser-Wijnveen G., J, Stes, A., & Van Petegem P. (2012). Development and validation of a questionnaire measuring teachers’ motivations for teaching in higher education. Higher Education. 64. 10.1007/s10734-011-9502-3.
Wiener-Levi N. (2008). The work of the first Druze teachers for advancement Education and changing the gender role of their students. Dapim: Journal for study and research in education. (Hebrew source). http://www.mofet.macam.ac.il/ktiva/dapim/Documents/dapim46.pdf [Accessed 17/12/18]
Williams, K., & Williams, C. (2011). Five key ingredients for improving motivation. Research in Higher Education Journal, 11. [Online] Available from: http://aabri.com/manuscripts/11834.pdf [Accessed 10/04/18]
Yukl, G.A., (1989). Leadership in organizations (2nd Ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc.
Adeogun, A. A., & Olisaemeka, B. U. (2011). Influence of school climate on student achievement and teachers' productivity for sustainable development. Online Submission,
Ahmad, S. & Rizwani, M. (2012). Job motivation of Male and Female Secondary School Teachers in Karachi. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 4 (6), 462-467.
Al Asad, S. (2017). The Influence of the Leadership Style of the School Principals in the Negev Region on the Motivation and Professional Development of the Teachers. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). West University of Timisoara. Lab Lambert academic Publishing.
Al Asad, S., Dănăiaţă, D., & Năstase, M. (2017). The Influence of Leadership in Teachers' Practice in Bedouin High Schools. Review of International Comparative Management. Volume 18, Issue 4, pp. 362-376.
Alam HE, Khaliafh TBK, Sirj S, Ghani F (2009). The role of agriculture education and training on agriculture economics and national development of Bangladesh. Afr. J. Agric. Res., 4(12): 1334-1350
Anyim, F. C., Chidi, C. O. & Badejo, E. A. (2012). Motivation and Employee’s Performance in the Public and Private Sectors in Nigeria. International Journal of Business Administration, 3(1), 31-40. doi:10.5430/ijba.v3n1p31
Asif, I., Fakhra, A., Tahir, F., & Shabbir, A. (2016). Relationshipbetween teachers’ job satisfaction and students’ academic performance. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 64, 341-350
Avolio, B.J., & Bass, B.M. (1991). The Full Range Leadership Development Programs: Basic and Advanced Manuals. Binghamton, NY: Bass, Avolio and Associates.
Bandura, A. (1994). Self-efficacy. In V. S. Ramachaudran (Ed.), Encyclopedia of human behavior (Vol. 4, pp. 71-81). New York: Academic Press. (Reprinted in H. Friedman [Ed.], Encyclopedia of mental health. San Diego: Academic Press, 1998). [Online] Available from: https://www.uky.edu/~eushe2/Bandura/BanEncy.html. [Accessed 17/08/18]
Bar-Haim, A. (1988). Human Resources Management. The Open University.
Barnett, H., Craven, R. & Marsh, A. (2005). What type of school leadership satisfies teachers? A mixed method approach to teachers' perceptions of satisfaction, Australian Association for Research in Education.
Bass, B.M. (1985). Leadership and Performance beyond Expectations. New York: The Free Press.
Bass, B.M. (1998). Transformational Leadership: Industrial, Military and Educational Impact. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Pub.
Bogler, R. (2001). The Influence of Leadership Style on Teacher Job Satisfaction. Educational Administration Quarterly, vol. 37, no. 5, pp. 662-683.
Bredeson, P. V. (1989, March). Redefining leadership and the roles of school principals: Responses to changes in the professional work life of teachers. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco, CA.
Christie, K., Thompson, B. & Whiteley, G. (2009). Strong Leaders, Strong Achievement: model policy for producing the leaders to drive student success, Education Commission of the States. [Online] Available from: http://www.ecs.org/clearinghouse/79/23/7923.pdf [Accessed 11/05/18]
Court D., & Abbas R. (2014). Will “Education for Tradition” Be Enough in a Closing Circle of Secrets? The Case of the Israeli Druze. Religious Education Journal. The official journal of the Religious Education Association. Volume 109, Issue 5. Pages 489-506. Published online. Will “Education for Tradition” Be Enough in a Closing Circle of Secrets? The Case of the Israeli Druze.
Court D., & Abbas R. (2015). Future Orientation in a Traditional Society: Higher Education and the Israeli Druze. The International Journal of Religion and Spirituality in Society. Volume 5, Issue 3, ISSN 2154-8633 © Common Ground. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307765126_Future_Orientation_in_a_Traditional_Society [Accessed 4/1/19]
Dinham, S. & Scott, C. (1998). A three domain model of teacher and school executive career satisfaction. Journal of Educational Administration, 36(4), 362-378.
Dornyei, Z., & Ushioda, E. (2011). Teaching and researching motivation (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Longman
Dyck, B. & Neubert, M. J. (2007). Principles of Management. INTERNATIONAL STUDENT EDITION. Library of Congress Control. Printed in China.
Falah S. (2000). The Druze in the Middle East. Keter Publishing House. Jeruzalim. (Hebrew source).
Falah, J., F. (2018). Does Multicultural Education Affect the Druze Heritage Curriculum? Open Journal of Social Sciences. Vol.06 No.01Article ID:82119,15 pages. Available from: 10.4236/jss.2018.61019 [Accessed 11/05/18]
Finnigan, K. S. (2012). Principal leadership in low-performing schools: A closer look through the eyes of teachers. Education and Urban Society, 44(2), 183-202. doi:10.1177/0013124511431570. For Convention.
Gaertner, S. (1999). Structural Determinants of Job Satisfactionand Organizational Commitment in Turnover Models. Human Resource Management Review, 9 (4), 479–93.
George, J.M., & Jones, G.R. (2008). Understanding and Managing Organizational Behavior (Fifth Edition). Upper Saddle River: New Jersey, Pearson Prentice Hall.
Griffith, J. (2004). Relation of Principal Transformational Leadership to School Staff Job Satisfaction, Staff Turnover and School Performance. Journal of Educational Administration, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 333-356
Gülsen, C., & Gülenay, G. (2014). The principal and healthy school climate. Social Behavior and Personality: An international journal, 42, S93-S100
Hallinger, P. (2003). Leading Educational Change: Reflections on the Practice of Instructional and Transformational leadership. Cambridge Journal of Education, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 329-351.
Hijazi, S.T., Anwar, A., & Mehboob, S.A. (2007). Impact of Non-Financial Rewards on Employee Motivation. The Business Review, 7(2), 272-277.
Hirsch, E., Emerick, S., Church, K., & Fuller, E. (2006b). Teaching and learning conditions are critical to the success of students and the retention of teachers: Final report on the 2006 teaching and learning conditions survey to the Clark County School District and Clark County Education Association. Retrieved from Center for Teaching Quality, website: http://www.teachingquality.org.
Hirsch, T. & Cicurel, E., (2010). Identity and belonging as coping resources for Druze adolescents during the Second Lebanon War. Mifgash: Journal of Social-Educational Work.pp 61-85. Hebrew source.
Janssen, O. (2004). The barrier effect of conflict with superiors in the relationship between employee empowerment and organizational commitment. Work and Stress, 18(1), 56-65
Klecker, B. J., & Loadman, W. E. (1998a). Defining and measuring the dimensions of teacher empowerment in restructuring public schools. Education, 118(3), 358-405.
Kirakosyan, Kristine & Dănăiaţă, Doina (2013). Communication management in electronic banking. Better communication for better relationship. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 124 (2014) 361 – 370. Published by Elsevier Ltd. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.02.497. Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
Kuhnert, K.W. (1994). Transforming Leadership. Developing People through Delegation. In B.M. Bassand B.J. Avolio (Eds.). Improving Organizational Effectiveness through Transformational Leadership. (pp.10-25). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Leech, D., & Fulton, C.R. (2008). Faculty perceptions of shared decision making and the principal's leadership behaviors in secondary schools in a large urban district. Education, 128(4), 630-644 from http://www.redorbit.com/news/education/1459747.html [Accessed 14/05/18]
Leithwood K (1994). Leadership for school restructuring. Educational Administration Quarterly, 30:498-518
Leithwood K, J antzi D & S teinbach R 1999. Changing Leadership for Changing Times. Buckingham: Open University Press.
Lonas, H. (2013). The connection between the Student achievement and the Learning motivation of teenager students. Master paper in the human science college. Thesis (MA). An Arabic source.
Louis, K.S., Leithwood, K., Anderson, S., & Wahlstrom, K. (2010). Investigating the Links to Improved Student Learning. New York, NY: The Wallace Foundation.
Matah, (2015). The Druze Traditions Book. Educational book for high school. The Ministry of Education; Department of Planning and Development of Educational Curricula and Inspection in Heritage Education.
Matana. 2019. The ministry of Education. http://matana.education.gov.il
Merriam-Webster (1997). Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary, Houghton-Mifflin.
Miller TW & Miller JM 2001. Educational leadership in the new millennium: a vision for 2020. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 4:181-189
Mitsav, (2017). Main findings. The Israeli Ministry of Education. The Israeli Ministry of Education. National authority for measurement and evaluation in education: Ram"a. A Hebrew source.
Mosawi Y. & Mohamed E. (2016) the impact of job Satisfaction on human resources performance. A case study of the public hospital institution. University of Abu Bakr Belqayd Tlemcen. Faculty of business and economic Sciences. An Arabic source.
National Authority for Measurement and evaluation in education. The Ministry of Education. Israel. (n.d.). Evaluation of the Ofek Chadash (New Horizon) reform in schools. Research and evaluation of projects. RAMA. [Online] Available from:http://cms.education.gov.il/EducationCMS/Units/Rama/HaarachatProjectim/Ofek_Hadash.htm [Accessed 23/05/18]
Natoor S. (2005). A Druze Encyclopedia for Children, the Druze traditions and Virtues. The 12th section. Asia Publishing.
Newmann FM, Wehlage GG. (1995). Successful school restructuring: A report to the public and educators by the Centre on Organization and Restructuring of Schools. Madison, WI: Center on Organization and Restructuring of Schools
Nguni, S., Sleegers, P. & Denessen E. (2006) Transformational and transactional leadership effects on teachers' job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and organizational citizenship behavior in primary schools: The Tanzanian case, School Effectiveness and School Improvement, Vol. 17, No. 2 pp.145-177, DOI: 10.1080/09243450600565746
Nissan, M. (2010). The Druze in Israel: Questions of Identity, Citizenship and Patriotism. The Middle East Journal 64(4): 575-596.
Northhouse, P.G. (2004). Leadership: Theory and Practice. USA: Sage.
RAMA n.d. National Authority for Measurement and Evaluation in Education. Evaluation of the New Horizon Reform in Elementary and Junior High Education at the End of Three Years of Implementation Summary of Findings. http://cms.education.gov.il/NR/rdonlyres/329F6A02-F7FE-4C8B-AB0B-3C108EF0182E/163978/OfekChadashsummary_eng1.pdf [Accessed 6.2.2019]
Rigopoulou, I., Theodosiou M., Katsikea E., & Perdikis, N. (2011). Information control, role perceptions, and work outcomes of boundary spanning frontline leaders. Journal of Business Research, 65, 626-633.
Sassi A., Kadesh Y., & Vidislavski M. (2013). Many faces to Pedagogical Flexibility. State of Israel. Ministry of Education. Pedagogical Administration (Hebrew version).
Schwartz, S. H. (2012). An Overview of the Schwartz Theory of Basic Values. Online reading in psychology and culture. International association for Cross-Cultural Psychology.
Short, P. M., & Johnson, P. E. (1994). Exploring the links among teacher empowerment, leader power, and conflict. Education, 114, 581-593. (Report No. SPO35330). (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED372044).
Tayseer. Abu-. H. (1995). The Druze people, Behavior and beliefs. Middle East Printing Company. (Arabic source).
The 20th Knesset, (2018). Knesset Announcements. Final approval: Amendments to the Special Education Law. https://m.knesset.gov.il/news/pressreleases/pages/press10.07.18.aspx [Accessed 2.2.2019]
Toll, C. A. (2010). 6 steps to learning leadership. Journal of Staff Development, 31(3), 50-52,
Visser-Wijnveen G., J, Stes, A., & Van Petegem P. (2012). Development and validation of a questionnaire measuring teachers’ motivations for teaching in higher education. Higher Education. 64. 10.1007/s10734-011-9502-3.
Wiener-Levi N. (2008). The work of the first Druze teachers for advancement Education and changing the gender role of their students. Dapim: Journal for study and research in education. (Hebrew source). http://www.mofet.macam.ac.il/ktiva/dapim/Documents/dapim46.pdf [Accessed 17/12/18]
Williams, K., & Williams, C. (2011). Five key ingredients for improving motivation. Research in Higher Education Journal, 11. [Online] Available from: http://aabri.com/manuscripts/11834.pdf [Accessed 10/04/18]
Yukl, G.A., (1989). Leadership in organizations (2nd Ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc.
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The influence of leadership style on teachers’ job motivation and satisfaction in the Druze sector of Israel. (2019). Timisoara Journal of Economics and Business, 12(1), 17-42. https://www.tjeb.ro/index.php/tjeb/article/view/316
